general population

presumptive treatment

Sex work is an important feature of the transmission dynamics of HIV within early, advanced and regressing epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa. HIV prevalence among sex workers and their clients is commonly 20 fold higher than the general population. Together, these factors may contribute to a differential in HIV transmission potential of more than 1000 times compared with lower-risk populations. Yet, in much of Africa, there is little evidence that transmission of HIV and other STIs in sex work settings has been controlled.

sexual health;

While it may not be financially possible at this time to vaccinate all women in developing countries against HPV, a focus on high risk populations may be achievable, and may provide secondary protection to the general population. We examined sexual behaviors, cervical abnormalities, HPV prevalence and vaccine acceptability among female sex workers (FSWs).

condoms; HIV

Heterosexual contact is the most common mode of transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Nepal and it is largely linked to sex work. We assessed the non-use of condoms in sex work with intimate sex partners by female sex workers (FSWs) and the associated self-efficacy to inform the planning of STI/HIV prevention programmes in the general population.

ARV

report

Indonesia

This UNAIDS publication explores the epidemic in Indonesia. Although the prevalence of HIV in the general population is low (0.2%) and is mainly concentrated among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Jakarta, West Java and Bali, the epidemic has now spread to other key populations at higher risk such as non‐injecting partners of IDUs, sex workers and their clients.

AVAHAN

Article in the Lancet, Early Online Publication, 11 October 2011. Background The aim of Avahan, the India AIDS Initiative, was to reduce HIV transmission in the general population through large-scale prevention interventions focused on high-risk groups. It was launched in 2003 in six states with a total population of 300 million and a high HIV burden. We assessed the population-level effect of the first phase of Avahan (2003—08).

Benin

The aim of this study conducted in Benin was to compare HIV-1 infected female sex workers (FSW) and patients from the general population (GP) to see whether there was a difference in adherence level, mortality rate and immuno-virologic response to antiretroviral therapy (ART). An article by Lowndes CM, Alary M, Meda H, Gnintoungbé CAB, Mukenge-Tshibaka L, Adjovi C, Buvé A, Morison L, Laourou M, Kanhonou L and Anagonou S in Sexually Transmitted Infections (2002) 78(Supplement 1 ) pp. i69-i77. An article by Alary M, Mukenge-Tshibaka L, Bernier F, Geraldo N, Lowndes CM, Meda H, Gnintoungbé CAB, Anagonou S and Joly

HIV positive sex workers

Falling through the cracks: contraceptive needs of female sex workers in Cambodia and Laos

Article in Contraception, in Press. Condom is the only method promoted for dual protection among female sex workers in most Asian countries, which may be insufficient to prevent pregnancies given sex workers’ high frequency of sexual intercourse. Respondents numbered 592 in Cambodia and 1421 in Laos. In Cambodia, 28.2% had abortions in the past year despite reporting 99.0% condom use at last commercial sex. Abortion increased with the number of clients, inconsistent condom use, recent condom breakage and recent forced unprotected sex with clients. In Laos, 26.0% of all sex workers had ever aborted as had 89.4% of those who had

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